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Duras negociaciones por el reparto de los esfuerzos

Dos obstáculos en el camino


Temas: Democracia | Ecología | Economía | Latinoamérica | Política | Sociedad | Violencia, Guerra y Terrorismo |

Edición Nro.: 85

Por: Ricardo Petrella | Enviar Correo al Autor | Más Artículos del Autor

La Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, que se reúne en Copenhague del 7 al 18 de este mes, tiene como objetivo definir reglas obligatorias para luchar contra el recalentamiento planetario. Considerada por algunos como “la reunión de la última oportunidad”, genera sin embargo más preocupación que esperanzas, ya que un nuevo acuerdo sólo tendrá sentido si es firmado, y luego ratificado, por los dos principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero: Estados Unidos y China.

¿Habrá finalmente un “Tratado de Copenhague” como prolongación del Protocolo de Kyoto, el más importante de los instrumentos que apuntan a luchar contra el cambio climático (1)? Los últimos encuentros clave (2) que prepararon el camino para esta cumbre, que se desarrolla entre el 7 y el 18 de este mes, fueron una muestra de las dificultades que se enfrentan. La no aprobación a tiempo por parte del Senado estadounidense de la ley sobre el clima, los resultados ambiguos del Consejo Europeo especial sobre este tema celebrado los días 30 y 31 de octubre, y las declaraciones emitidas luego del G2 China-Estados Unidos, los días 16 y 17 de noviembre, dieron el golpe de gracia. Los jefes de los dos Estados más contaminadores del planeta se comprometieron a trabajar por el éxito de la conferencia y expresaron su deseo de que llegara a un acuerdo de “efecto inmediato”, pero no ofrecieron ninguna precisión sobre los medios para lograrlo (3). ¿Volverá a hablarse de un eventual “tratado” limitante recién en 2012?

Esta situación es tanto más absurda cuanto que la conciencia de una “crisis global” del medio ambiente preocupa hoy en día hasta a las conciencias más obtusas. Y que nunca hubo tantas voces reclamando la limitación, e incluso, a largo plazo, la eliminación de dos obstáculos centrales: la mercantilización del planeta y la poca disposición “histórica” de Estados Unidos ante cualquier tratado internacional que limite su libertad y sus intereses.

Los mercaderes del aire


Las clases dirigentes redujeron la cuestión del futuro de la humanidad a un problema de administración “económicamente eficaz” de los recursos naturales, en particular energéticos. Confiaron a los mecanismos del mercado la implementación y la evaluación de esa administración: la de un mundo fundado en la confrontación de intereses “mercantiles” donde ganan los más fuertes. Es por lo tanto imposible llegar a un verdadero acuerdo político mundial sobre el futuro de la humanidad y del planeta.

La energía y los mercados están en el centro de las actuales negociaciones; a tal punto que los otros desafíos pueden considerarse secundarios o instrumentales. El Protocolo de Kyoto (1997) marcó el comienzo de la “vampirización” de las negociaciones sobre el clima por la energía y la mercantilización del aire. Todo descansa sobre la subdivisión del mundo entero en “derechos de cuotas de emisión de gases con efecto invernadero (GEI)” atribuidos a cada país y, como consecuencia, sobre la formación de “mercados de emisiones” (4). Hasta ahora, no se ha verificado una reducción global de dichas emisiones gracias a ese tipo de mecanismos.

Tal como están las cosas, el devenir de la humanidad y su liberación de la dependencia de las energías fósiles pasan por “los mercaderes de GEI” (sobre todo el CO2). Así, las discusiones –y sobre todo las divergencias– tratan del volumen de las reducciones de emisiones de cada país, sobre el cálculo de su valor comercial y su costo para la economía “nacional”, con los diferentes sectores y los grandes “campeones nacionales” expuestos a la competencia internacional. Las estimaciones cifradas prevalecen por sobre las consideraciones políticas. Más aun: estas últimas, teóricamente realizadas por los poderes públicos, surgen en realidad de la evaluación “comercial” establecida por los grandes grupos financieros, comerciales e industriales.

Esta mercantilización del aire y el clima dio origen a una plétora de nuevos instrumentos financieros agrupados en dos grandes categorías: por un lado, la de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y del Protocolo de Kyoto; por otra parte, la del Banco Mundial.

Los Estados se limitan a facilitar la promoción y el buen funcionamiento de esos instrumentos, aportando dinero público, que se mezcla entonces con los fondos provenientes de las empresas privadas según la lógica del partenariado público-privado. Semejante transferencia de decisión política plantea graves problemas de eficacia en materia de gestión de los recursos; para no hablar de ética, justicia social o democracia…

La vida primero


Todo –empezando por el reciente hundimiento de las finanzas– muestra, en efecto, que la estrategia del market first (“el mercado primero”) fracasó. Para sustituir esta consigna con la de life first (“la vida primero”) y esperar que Copenhague desemboque en un pacto mundial acompañado de un programa de acción, se imponen dos medidas previas. La primera consiste en remodelar las reglas del derecho de propiedad intelectual, en particular sobre la materia viva. Mientras esta última (categoría en la que se incluirán, para facilitar el análisis, las energías renovables) pueda ser objeto de una apropiación privada, no podrá haber un verdadero acuerdo mundial sobre el cambio climático.

¿Por qué China, India, Brasil, los países africanos, si quieren modificar sus procesos de producción y sus productos, con el fin de reducir las emisiones de GEI, deberían pagar a los países del Norte que poseen la cuasi totalidad de los derechos de propiedad intelectual en esos dominios? ¿Por qué aceptarían financiar el nuevo “crecimiento verde” del Norte? No se trata de transferir “gratuitamente” conocimientos y tecnologías al mundo entero, sino de reformar las reglas existentes, que traban cualquier posibilidad de cooperación internacional real. Ése es el precio para alcanzar los objetivos llamados de “atenuación” (del aumento de la temperatura media de la atmósfera) y de “adaptación” (al calentamiento climático).

La segunda medida abarca la sustitución de la máquina financiera puesta en marcha en torno a “los mercados del carbono” por un “plan financiero público mundial”. Mientras no se detenga la transferencia del poder de decisión político a los mercados, la lucha contra el cambio climático será inadecuada, parcial y débil. Si así lo quieren, los dirigentes del mundo occidental pueden redestinar los enormes recursos –8 billones de euros– puestos a disposición del capital privado para “salvar el capitalismo” del desastre financiero. Según las últimas estimaciones, una suma anual de 66.700 millones de euros durante diez años (es decir 667.000 millones en total) alcanzaría para concretar los objetivos a mediano plazo de la lucha contra el calentamiento de la atmósfera. ¡Es doce veces menos que las sumas movilizadas para salvar a los bancos y restablecer el valor financiero de los capitales privados; dos tercios de los gastos militares mundiales anuales (988.000 millones de euros para 2008); justo el doble de los gastos mundiales en publicidad (363.000 millones de euros en 2007)!
Alcanzaría con querer…

Presionar a los Estados reacios


Pero ese “alcanzaría” se hace pedazos contra el muro erigido, ante todo, por la actitud de Washington: Estados Unidos no ratificó aún el Protocolo de Kyoto. Así se llega al segundo obstáculo central. Aun suponiendo que fuera su intención, ¿estará el gobierno estadounidense en condiciones de defender, en Copenhague, posiciones razonables y equitativas que inciten a los otros grandes países –la Unión Europea (UE), los BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India, China), Japón…– a negociar los compromisos necesarios para que, como mínimo, se prolonguen aquellos que se asumieron en Kyoto?

No sería la primera vez que, en nombre de la pretendida “superioridad” de su modelo de sociedad y de la “seguridad” de su país (a menudo identificada con la “seguridad mundial”), Estados Unidos practique la política del unilateralismo imperial aplicando el principio de la no negociabilidad de sus elecciones políticas y de su modo de vida. Prefiere por mucho el soft law, en particular la autorregulación y la autorresponsabilidad de cada Estado. Al respecto, la famosa frase del presidente George Bush padre –“El modo de vida estadounidense no es negociable”–, pronunciada para justificar su negativa a participar de la primera Cumbre Mundial sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, en Río de Janeiro, en 1992, resulta esclarecedora.

De hecho, America first es un obstáculo aún mayor, en lo inmediato, que market first. Por lo tanto, los Estados dispuestos a sacar las negociaciones del marco exclusivamente comercial y de los intereses estrictamente nacionales son muy poco numerosos.

No obstante, algunos países de Europa Occidental y de América Latina, e incluso de África, empiezan a manifestar su irritación. Algunos de los grupos políticos progresistas y la sociedad civil de esos países tienen previsto ejercer presión sobre los Estados reacios para incitarlos a llevar a cabo negociaciones orientadas a la prolongación/reemplazo del Protocolo de Kyoto por el Tratado de Copenhague incluso sin Estados Unidos. Es cierto que la actual convergencia entre Washington y Pekín complica significativamente tal iniciativa. Pero no necesariamente debe frenarse un tren en marcha porque algunos pasajeros no quieran subirse a él.

Los miembros del Parlamento Europeo darían una muestra de responsabilidad histórica y de innovación política si alentaran a sus Estados a trabajar en la firma de un tratado de Copenhague, incluso en ausencia de Estados Unidos. Barack Obama fue noticia, el 25 de noviembre, al anunciar su presencia en la cumbre y su voluntad de que ésta desemboque en un acuerdo robusto que dé lugar a medidas concretas inmediatas. Al poner sobre la mesa un objetivo del 17% de reducción de las emisiones estadounidenses de GEI de aquí a 2020 está lejos del 25 al 40% preconizado por los científicos. Sobre todo cuando una nueva legislación debería ser aprobada por el Congreso de Estados Unidos, lo que parece aún lejano.

1        Incluye el compromiso asumido por la mayoría de los países industrializados de reducir sus emisiones de gases con efecto invernadero, responsables del calentamiento global, en un 5,2% en promedio.
2        Cumbre especial de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York, 22-9-09; G20 de Pittsburgh, 24/25-9-09; semanas “técnicas” de Bangkok del 2 al 9 de octubre de 2009, y de Barcelona, del 2 al 7 de noviembre de 2009.
3        Por otra parte, el 15 de noviembre, al clausurar la Cumbre de Singapur –y con la perspectiva de Copenhague– los dirigentes de los 21 países del Foro de Cooperación Económica de Asia-Pacífico (APEC), entre ellos China y Estados Unidos, se negaron a fijar objetivos que los limiten en materia de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero.
4        Un país que hubiera emitido menos emisiones que el volumen autorizado según la cuota nacional puede vender ese “excedente” a aquellos que hayan sido incapaces, por diversas razones, de permanecer por debajo de la cuota permitida.


*Profesor de Ecología Humana en la Academia de Arquitectura de Mendrisio (Suiza) y profesor emérito de Globalización en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina (Bélgica).

Traducción: Mariana Saúl

(Ocultar/Mostrar)
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ed hardy Women’s Boots are so irresistible that many women may not have any money left by the time they are done shopping - it’s hard not to fall in love with them at first sight!
Most of Ed Hardy Hats range in price upward of $100, but judging by the unprecedented, response, and their widespread popularity,some people say they’re well worth every penny spent.I think that Ed Hardy Hats is the range and variety of colors, styles, shapes and sizes on offer. The wide range of Ed Hardy Hats will never disappoint customers, because it has hats to satisfy every conceivable individual taste and style.This is why so many persons buy it.

Boot Straps - These have the most “hard rock” look of the entire lineup, but they also have a sort of “soft edge” to them and are quite feminine-looking. They are available in a few colors, each color involving it’s own distinct design and color contrast combination. They come below the knee, with a “boot strap” wrapped around the mid-calf area, which begins to set off the look, but add the tattoo design they are pretty hard to miss when they’re being walked down the street.
.If you want to buy clothes that will never go out in style,ed hardy clothing is great for you.Ed Hardy Clothing is one of the labels that never become outdated. Designed by Ed Hardy, one of the greatest tattoo artists that ever lived, these clothes will surely stand the test of time. Here are some of the reasons why you should purchase them.
First,It has a reasonable price.ed hardy jeans
,which are not only reasonably priced but are guaranteed to be of high quality as well.Secondly,Comfortable .This point i don’t want to say more.At last for its great designs.The thing that makes Ed hardy Clothing unique is their vintage designs. Because these designs never go out of style, choosing to buy these clothes is a smart decision.
Ed Hardy clothing stands out in the crowd even from a distance. With the trademark tattoo designs like the heart, flowers, skull etc., Ed Hardy has a way of showing itself off. With an extensive range to choose from for men, women and kids, Ed Hardy has something for everyone.
So you’re a guy and looking to impress the girls? Choose the macho looking Ed Hardy tees and team them up with a sexy Ed Hardy hat and it becomes a killer combination. With cool prints made to order for the youthful attitude, Ed Hardy clothing can make you look different and trendy.christian audigier
And if you’re a girl on the look out for some male attention, then also Ed Hardy has the solution for you. With their feminine styled jeans and tees that are body hugging with bold designs, Ed Hardy clothing can do wonders to your figure and your style quotient.
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Do NOT wash your cheap ugg boots. If you should find metallic ugg boots been stained you should attempt ugg australia spot treat them before you do anything metallic ugg boots. You may need to scrub the entire winter boots if spot treatments do not work, but this is not something you should do on nightfall ugg boots regular basis.
Are you looking a discount ugg boots online? There are various places an individual can purchases sundance ii ugg boots. The most popular is to purchase ugg boots 2010 online. There are a ultra tall ugg boots of popular websites that cheap uggs preferred amongst users due to its reliability.
ultra short ugg boots can also could be worn by older children. Many kinds of colours of uggs on sale are available for kids, and their stylish design makes sure kids will like to wear the australia ugg boots as they will be seen as the most fashionable kids in the playground, while you can rest assured that your children are warm enough.
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