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Del grito de Independencia a la ‘América para los americanos’

Bicentenario o el reto de la historia viva


Temas: Democracia | Economía | Imperialismo Neoliberal | Impunidad | Latinoamérica |

Edición Nro.: 86

Por: Carlos Gutiérrez | Enviar Correo al Autor | Más Artículos del Autor

Conmemorar. En este ejercicio se adentra nuestra sociedad tras los 200 años del llamado “Grito de Independencia”, que sin borrarse de la memoria y sin falta en la mención escolar, acaeció el 20 de julio de 1810. Para entonces, en estas tierras se padecía el coloniaje español, con más de 300 años de ejercicio de las más variadas formas de humillación, violencia y opresión (cuyo inmenso reguero de huesos supera cualquier otro genocidio llevado a cabo en la historia humana), legitimadas y validadas por la mayor autoridad de la época: la Iglesia y Roma.

Mirar hacia atrás: 1810-1819, nuestra primera Independencia. Derrota de un Imperio y nacimiento en nuestra región de la República institucional, el logro inmenso de la Revolución Francesa o, si se quiere, de la revolución burguesa, oficializada en los brazos del pueblo francés desde el 14 de julio de 1789, con la toma del arsenal del Hotel los Invalides y el asalto de La Bastilla, fortaleza real y prisión estatal en las afueras de París. Revolución que en el curso de siglos germinó en varios países europeos, y en medio de inmensos conflictos y permanentes guerras.

Eco de libertad y descolonización que se extiende a nuestro continente para tocar en primera instancia con George Washington las costas de las 13 colonias del norte (1781), sometidas por el imperio Inglés, y unos pocos años después las costas de Haití (1804), que dio paso a la primera y única revolución victoriosa de negros esclavos.  Dos hechos significativos que no perdonan olvido: las trece colonias aprueban la primera constitución escrita, sellando una práctica que luego seguirán todos los estado-nación erigidos desde entonces. Constitución sellada en la lucha por la libertad, pese a lo cual permite la discriminación y la consolidación del racismo, diferenciación profunda entre blancos, negros e indios, pobres y ricos, conservando en esclavitud por varias décadas más a no menos de dos millones de seres humanos, y el exterminio de otro tanto (1). En contrario, la constitución haitiana trata por igual a todos los integrantes de su sociedad.  

Bicentenario. Del Grito de la Independencia a la ‘América para los americanos’. Oportunidad para rememorar y detallar qué somos como nación, de dónde procedemos, cuáles son las raíces de nuestros principales conflictos económicos, políticos, sociales, culturales aún no resueltos, para extender algunos de estos interrogantes a la región, y preguntarnos por la posibilidad de integración. O de marchar en una forma de organización política regional que nos permita afrontar en mejores condiciones –como pueblo con raíces comunes– nuestro presente y nuestro futuro.

Celebración. Fiesta. Memoria de pueblo insurrecto y próceres, que nos llevará de acuerdo con el calendario oficial, hasta 2019, cuando, dos siglos atrás, el ejército invasor fue derrotado en tierras de Boyacá. Efeméride que asumida en forma estricta como lo que éramos por entonces: Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, con la Capitanía General de Venezuela y la Audiencia de Quito como parte integral de nuestro territorio, debió arrancar el 19 de abril de 2009. Fecha, cuando se conmemoraron dos centurias del levantamiento de los mantuanos caraqueños, pasando por la conspiración del 10 de agosto del mismo año, día en que se debe recordar los doscientos años del levantamiento de los quiteños. Y, asumidos desde esa conciencia de un solo territorio, el 2019 pudiera ser una simple etapa de la inmensa batalla que cubrió el continente, de diversas maneras, y que en nuestra subregión andina se extendió hasta las batallas de Pichincha (1822) y Carabobo (1823), pero que en el conjunto de Sur América sólo termina con la liberación del entonces conocido como Alto Perú, hoy Bolivia, en 1825, cuya liberación definió la batalla de Ayacucho en diciembre de 1824.

Esta conmemoración, bajo la lente de una lectura con más sentido latinoamericano, sólo termina con la total salida del Imperio español de ‘Nuestra América’ al rendirse sus tropas en Santiago de Cuba  en 1898, por el acoso de los mambises del Ejército Libertador en guerra desde 1768 –con intervención militar y de la Armada de los Estados Unidos que también produjo el dominio estadounidense en Hawai y Filipinas. En medio de estas gestas, sin resolución hasta nuestros días, está pendiente la soberanía de Puerto Rico.

Con su independencia intervenida, Cuba clausura el ciclo de dominación del viejo imperio en la región, pero de inmediato queda sometida por el nuevo, el de Estados Unidos, que le impone en 1901 la Enmienda propuesta por el senador Orville H. Platt.

“América para los americanos”, decisión de dominio en toda América del nuevo imperio no quedó en duda. En 1903, fuimos los colombianos de los primeros en sufrirla con la usurpación del otrora departamento de Panamá y su transformación en ‘nación’. Así los Estados Unidos obtienen el total dominio del mar Caribe, y del transporte de mercaderías entre el Atlántico y el Pacífico.

Esta conmemoración bicentenaria no es un asunto de nombres y fechas que ya pasaron labradas en la historia con la sangre de miles. No. Ante todo, es la oportunidad para, desde ese pasado de opresión y rebelión, revisar el presente, igualmente sellado con signos de ignominia pero también de dignidad. En este ejercicio de memoria hay oportunidad para establecer desde la Colonia las contradicciones y los conflictos no resueltos en nuestra nación, los cuales, como en un ser vivo, permanecen entre nosotros impidiéndonos vivir con justicia y convivencia.

Como se sabe, los primeros levantamientos contra la Corona en territorio de la Nueva Granada, tanto el de Bogotá como los de Quito y Caracas, no pretendían la independencia, y de ahí su pronta derrota bajo el terror de las armas españolas. Tendrían que padecerse incalculables sufrimientos (el asesinato y fusilamiento de toda la inteligencia criolla de la época) para que la nueva clase dirigente comprendiera la necesidad de la revolución social como condición fundamental para poder derrotar a los invasores. Un avance que gracias a la solidaridad de los haitianos con Petion a la cabeza,  logra la sensibilidad política de Simón Bolívar.

Con un pueblo sometido al terror del Imperio y la opresión de los nuevos ricos –como esclavistas o encomenderos– era casi imposible que las mayorías se sumaran a una causa ajena para ellos. Al fin y al cabo, eran tan opresores los criollos como los españoles. De ahí, que el ofrecimiento de libertad para los esclavos ondeó como bandera, por el campo de las que se conocieron como repúblicas bolivarianas. Un ofrecimiento como se sabe, que una vez obtenida la independencia, por más de 30 años negaron los esclavistas.

Otros temas, en cambio, a pesar del paso del tiempo, se conservan en el pasado y pesan sobre el conjunto social con su halo colonial. Uno evidente es la no redistribución de la tierra, que se conserva concentrada en pocas manos, como factor de prestigio, dominio, y poder económico y político tanto local, como nacional, ahora. Hay otros no menos evidentes.

Algunos están determinados por el desarrollo del poder en nuestro país, y otros, en interacción con fuerzas regionales como: la concentración de la riqueza y/o la injusticia social; la ausencia de soberanía; la renuncia a un modelo de desarrollo propio vía librecambismo (hoy neoliberalismo) o apertura de los mercados nacionales en detrimento de los productores nacionales; la necesaria y no concretada integración regional; la violencia como recurso y condición para el control social, con prácticas simbólicas con herencia del Imperio hispano: descuartizar, exhibir los cadáveres y las partes del vencido, desterrar. Con mucha razón se dice que si bien tuvimos la independencia, quedó pendiente la revolución social. (2)

En año del Bicentenario, es preciso considerar a fondo dos decisiones tomadas por la clase dominante en tiempos recientes. Dos, con consecuencias no sopesadas aún de manera integral por el conjunto de la sociedad y que reponen sobre la mesa de quienes habitamos Colombia –con consecuencias también, para nuestros vecinos– el coloniaje en los tiempos actuales. Claro está, de nuevo tipo: Una, el afán por firmar un Tratado de Libre Comercio con los Estados Unidos, antecedido por la renuncia a un modelo de desarrollo por vía propia; y dos, la disposición de más de media docena de bases aéreas, navales y militares y de la totalidad de la infraestructura de batallones de las FF.AA. para que actúe desde sus unidades el mayor ejército del mundo. Sin duda: un aire colonial.

Ayer España, hoy Estados Unidos. La mayor oportunidad que nos abre esta conmemoración bicentenaria es la de mirarnos con nuestros ojos propios y sin olvido de nuestra raíces.   

Notas

Zinn, Howard, La otra historia de los Estados Unidos, editorial de Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, 2006, p. 17
García Antonio, Rescate histórico del General Simón Bolívar, edición facsimilar,

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