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Nuevo capitalismo


Temas: Economía | Política | Sociedad |

Edición Nro.: 62

Por: Ignacio Ramonet | Enviar Correo al Autor | Más Artículos del Autor

El carácter especulativo de la actual etapa del capitalismo encuentra como nuevos actores los private equities, fondos de inversión voraces que compran y revenden empresas con riesgo nulo y siderales márgenes de ganancia. Estos capitales especulativos, con la reducción al límite de las conquistas de los trabajadores y con el favor de los estados, están convirtiéndose en dueños del mundo de la producción y el empleo.

 El carácter especulativo de la actual etapa del capitalismo encuentra como nuevos actores los private equities, fondos de inversión voraces que compran y revenden empresas con riesgo nulo y siderales márgenes de ganancia. Estos capitales especulativos, con la reducción al límite de las conquistas de los trabajadores y con el favor de los estados, están convirtiéndose en dueños del mundo de la producción y el empleo.

 

Al tiempo que el discurso crítico contra el horror económico –llamado en otro tiempo altermundialista– se hace confuso y se vuelve repentinamente inaudible, se instala un nuevo capitalismo, todavía más brutal y conquistador. Es el de una nueva categoría de fondos buitres, los private equities, fondos de inversión rapaces con apetito de ogro, que disponen de capitales colosales (1).

El gran público no conoce bien los nombres de estos titanes: The Carlyle Group, KKR, The Blackstone Group, Colony Capital, Apollo Management, Partners Cerberus, Starwood Capital, Texas Pacific Group, Wendel, Eurazeo. Pero al abrigo de esta discreción, esos grupos se aprestan a apoderarse de la economía mundial. En cuatro años, de 2002 a 2006, el monto de los capitales reunidos por estos fondos de inversión, que recogen dinero de los bancos, de las empresas de seguros, de los fondos de pensión y de los bienes de particulares muy ricos, pasó de 94.000 millones a 358.000 millones de euros (2). Su potencia de fuego financiera es fenomenal: supera los 1.100 billones de euros. No hay quien se les resista. El año pasado, los principales private equities invirtieron en Estados Unidos alrededor de 290.000 millones de euros en recompras de empresas. Y sólo en el primer semestre de este año han invertido más de 220.000 millones, haciéndose así del control de 8.000 empresas... Ahora mismo, un asalariado estadounidense de cada cuatro, y un asalariado francés de cada doce, trabaja para estos mastodontes (3).

Después del Reino Unido y Estados Unidos, Francia es el blanco preferido. El año pasado se apoderaron de 400 empresas (por una suma de 10.000 millones de euros) y administran ya más de 1.600. Marcas muy conocidas, como Picard Surgelés, Dim, los restaurantes Quick, Buffalo Grill, Pages Jaunes, Allociné o Afflelou, se encuentran bajo el control de private equities, casi siempre anglosajones, que ahora acechan sobre gigantes del CAC 40 (4).

 

Insaciables

 

El fenómeno de estos fondos rapaces surgió hace quince años, pero estimulado por créditos baratos y a favor de la creación de instrumentos financieros cada vez más sofisticados, cobró en los últimos tiempos una dimensión preocupante. El principio es simple: un club de inversores afortunados decide comprar empresas a las que inmediatamente después administra de manera privada, lejos de la Bolsa y sus normas coactivas, y sin tener que rendir cuentas a accionistas puntillosos (5). La idea es eludir los principios éticos del propio capitalismo, apostando exclusivamente a las leyes de la jungla.

Según la explicación de dos especialistas, las cosas suceden concretamente así: “Para adquirir una empresa que vale 100, el fondo pone 30 de su bolsillo (se trata de un porcentaje promedio) y pide prestados 70 a los bancos, aprovechando tasas de interés muy bajas. Durante tres o cuatro años reorganiza la empresa sobre la base de la administración que tenía, racionaliza la producción, desarrolla actividades y capta toda o parte de las ganancias para pagar los intereses... de su propia deuda. Después, revende la empresa a 200, por lo general a otro fondo que hará lo mismo. Una vez devueltos los 70 pedidos en préstamo, le quedan 130 en el bolsillo, por una puesta inicial de 30, es decir, más del 300% de tasa de retorno sobre inversiones en cuatro años. Más claro imposible ” (6).

Pero mientras ganan fortunas demenciales, los dirigentes de estos fondos practican sin escrúpulos los cuatro grandes principios de la racionalización de las empresas: reducir el personal y comprimir los salarios restantes; bajar costos indiscriminadamente, aun a costa de la calidad del producto y de las conquistas de los trabajadores; aumentar los ritmos de producción y deslocalizar. En casi todas partes son alentados por las autoridades, que como hoy en Francia sueñan con “modernizar” el aparato de producción, mientras los sindicatos ponen el grito en el cielo y denuncian el fin del contrato social.

Había quienes creían que con la globalización el capitalismo se daría finalmente por satisfecho. Ahora vemos que su voracidad parece sin límites. ¿Hasta cuándo? u

 

1          Frédéric Lordon, “Crisis financiera: el eterno retorno”, en Le Monde diplomatique, edición Cono Sur, septiembre de 2007.

2          1 euro equivale a alrededor de 1,40 dólares USA.

3          Sandrine Trouvelot y Philippe Eliakim, “Les fonds d’investissement, nouveaux maîtres du capitalisme mondial”, Capital, París, julio de 2007.

4          Índice bursátil francés, según la capitalización de los 40 valores más significativos entre las 100 mayores empresas negociadas en la Bolsa de París.

5          Philippe Boulet-Gercourt, “Le retour des rapaces”, Le Nouvel Observateur, París, 19-7-07.

6          Capital, op. cit.

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